BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS SOFTSKILL
Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
• Subject
Subject adalah tentang apa atau siapa yang dibicarakan dalam suatu kalimat atau klausa. Adapun subjek dapat berupa orang, hewan, benda, maupun konsep abstrak.
Setiap complete subject pada dasarnya dibangun oleh satu atau lebih noun atau pronoun dengan/tanpa tambahan modifier(s) yang dapat berupa article (the, an, an), adjective, dan prepositional phrase. Adapun gerund dan infinitive dapat pula menempati posisi subjek.
Contoh:
His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.
Lia and I were eating our lunch on the kitchen table.
The very big boarding school in this country was built in 1980.
• Simple Subject and Simple Predicate
Simple subject ini berupa noun atau pronoun tunggal, dengan mengesampingkan modifier(s)-nya. Sedangkan simple predicate berupa verb atau compound verb tunggal.
Contoh Kalimat
|
Simple Subject
|
Simple Predicate
|
Keterangan
|
His new car tax has already
been paid by his assistant.
(Pajak mobil baru dia telah dibayar oleh asistennya.) |
tax
|
has
been paid
|
his
new car = (pre) modifier
by his assistant = prepositional phrase |
The very big boarding school in this country was
built in 1980.
(Sekolah asrama yang sangat besar di negara ini dibangun tahun 1980.) |
school
|
was
built
|
the
very big boarding= (pre) modifier;
in this country = (post) modifier; in 1980 = prepositional phrase |
Open the door!
(Buka pintu!) |
“you”
|
open
|
Pada
kalimat imperative, subjek tidak ditulis karena dianggap sudah cukup
dimengerti;
door = direct object |
His Uncle Cal will not
arrive on time.
(Paman Cal akan tidak akan tiba tepat waktu.) |
Uncle
Cal
|
will
arrive
|
his =
possessive;
not = adverb; on time= prepositional phrase |
There was a hounted
house.
(Disana ada rumah berhantu.) |
house
|
was
|
there =
adverb;
haunted = participle; a = article |
Running may be hard
for overweight people.
(Lari mungkin sulit untuk orang yang kelebihan berat badan.) |
running
|
may
be
|
running =
gerund;
hard = adjective; for overweight people = prepositional phrase |
To travel is a bad idea.
(Bepergian merupakan ide yang buruk.) |
to
travel
|
is
|
to
travel = infinitive;
is = linking verb; a bad idea = subject complement |
• Verb
Verb (kata kerja) adalah suatu kata yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan tindakan dari subject, menunjukkan peristiwa atau keadaan. Verb merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.
Kata kerja bahasa Inggris tidak selalu berbentuk simple (satu kata), melainkan mungkin berupa frasa hasil kombinasi dengan particle menjadi phrasal verb (get in, make up, read over).
Macam-Macam dan Contoh Verb
Beberapa macam dan contoh verb antara lain sebagai berikut:
- Transitive dan Intransitive: Transitive diikuti direct object (contoh kalimat: The boy kicked the ball), sedangkan intransitive tidak (contoh kalimat: Cheryl often sneezes while cleaning).
- Regular dan Irregular: Pada bentuk regular, past tense dan participle didapat dengan menambahkansuffix–ed pada base form sedangkan pada irregular, caranya lebih bervariasi.
- Action dan Stative: Action (eat, play) menyatakan bahwa sesuatu terjadi, sedangkan stative (love, need) menyatakan kondisi yang cenderung tetap.
- Finite dan Non-Finite: Finite dipengaruhi tense dan subject-verb agreement, sedangkan non-finite tidak.
- Linking Verb: menghubungkan subject of a sentence dengan deskripsinya (contoh kalimat: She is young and beautiful).
Causative: Kata kerja untuk menunjukkan bahwa subjek tidak bertanggungjawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi (contoh kalimat: I had my house renovated last week).
• Complement
- Biasanya berupa noun (kata benda) atau noun phrase (frasa kata benda)
- biasanya terdapat setelah verb pada kalimat aktif
-complement menjawab pertanyaan what (apa) atau siapa (whom)
Contoh:
- Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
What did Sarijon buy yesterday? –> a cake.
- He saw Tony at the movie
Whom did he see at the movie? –> Tony
- I explain pharmacology to my students
What do I explain to my students? –> pharmacology
Catatan: Setiap kalimat tidak harus mempunyai complement.
• Modifier
- Modifier menjelaskan time (waktu), place (tempat), atau manner (cara) dari sebuah aksi atau perbuatan
- Bentuk yang paling umum dari modifier adalah prepositional phrase (kelompok kata yang dimulai dengan sebuah preposition dan diakhiri dengan sebuah noun
Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc…
- Modifier menjawab pertanyaan when (kapan), where (dimana), atau how (bagaimana)
Contoh:
- John bought a book at a book fair
o Where did John buy a book? –> at a book fair
- She is driving very fast
o How is she driving? –> very fast
- I posted my application yesterday
o When do I post my application? –> yesterday
Jadi , seperti ini unsur-unsur Subject, Verb, Complement dan Modifier dalam contoh kalimat :
We studied grammar last week.
S V C M
Verb Phrases
Verb phrases atau frase verba adalah frase yang tersusun dari verba utama ditambah dengan auxiliaries, adverbs, adverb phrases (or clauses), prepositional phrases, atau object. Dalam kalimat, frase verba berfungsi sebagai predikat.
Contoh:
- He was smoking.- After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
- We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
- Henry made my coach very proud.
Dalam frase verba, verb selalu menjadi head, yang dapat disertai pre-modifiers dan/atau post-modifier.
Jika terdapat pre-modifiers, bisa berupa kata negative (not/never) atau adverb phrase.
- not say what he is doing.
- never needs money.
- He deliberately broke the window.
Kebanyakan head verba harus diikuti oleh post-modifiers.
- My son [made a cake].
- We [keep pigeons].
- I [recommend the fish].
Verba yang memerlukan post-modifiers biasa disebut transitive verbs. Post-modifiers pada contoh diatas disebut juga objek langsung (direct object) atau komplemen (complement of the head).
Sebaliknya, beberapa verba (intransitive verbs) digunakan tanpa objek langsung:
- Susan smiled.
- The professor yawned.
Tetapi, banyak juga verba dalam bahasa Inggris berlaku sebagai transitive dan intransitive, tergantung cara pemakaiannya dalam kalimat. Berikut adalah contoh penggunaan kedua bentuk verba tersebut:
- Mark smokes. (Intransitive)
- Mark smokes cigars. (Transitive)
Objek atau komplemen yang melengkapi frase verba tidak hanya objek langsung (direct object) tetapi juga dapat berupa objek tak langsung (indirect object).
- We [gave James a present].
yang harus diperhatikan contoh berikut yang menggunakan verba to be sebagai head:
- David [is a musician]
- Amy [is clever]
- Our car [is in the car park]
Tenses : Past , Present , Future
Untuk akan contoh kalimatnya agar mudah membedakannya terutama perubahan kata kerja dan verb BE yang digunakan. Caranya denganl mengubah keterangan waktu disesuaikan dengan masanya.berikut ini contohnya:
Kalimat aktif
Present
tense
|
a.
Simple present tense
b.
Present continuous tense
c.
Present perfect tense
d.
Present perfect continuous tense
|
– I eat fruits
every morning.
– She does it
everyday.
–
They make cookies sometimes.
– I am
eating fruits now.
– She is
doing it.
–
They are making cookies when I come.
– I have
eaten fruits this morning.
– She has
done it since an hour.
–
They have made cookies for two hours.
– I have
been eating fruits this morning.
– She has
been doing it since an hour.
-They have
been making cookies for two hours.
|
Past
tense
|
a.
Simple past tense
b.
Past continuous tense
c.
Past perfect tense
d.
Past perfect continuous tense
|
– I ate fruits
last morning.
– She did it
yesterday.
–
They made cookies last night.
– I was
eating fruits when it was rain.
– She was
doing it anymore.
–
They were making cookies when she came.
– I had
eaten fruits last morning.
– She had
done it for an hour last night.
–
They had made cookies for two hours.
-I had
been eating fruits this morning.
– She had
been doing it since an hour.
–
They had been making cookies for two hours.
|
Future
tense
|
a.
Simple future tense
b.
Future continuous tense
c.
Future perfect tense
d.
future perfect continuous tense
|
– I will
eat fruits tomorrow morning.
– She will
do it then.
–
They will make cookies for me.
– I will
be eating fruits when you come.
– She will
be doing it.
–
They will be making cookies when I come.
– I will
have eaten fruits by the time you come.
– She will
have done it by two minutes.
–
They will have made cookies for two hours.
-I will
have been eating fruits tomorrow morning.
– She will
have been doing it.
–
They will have been making cookies by the time you leave.
|
Present
tense
|
a.
Simple present tense
b.
Present continuous tense
c.
Present perfect tense
d.
Present perfect continuous tense
|
–
Fruits are eaten by me every morning.
– It is done by
her everyday.
–
Cookies are made by them sometimes.
–
Fruits are being eaten by me now.
– It is
being done by her.
–
Cookies are being made by them to me.
–
Fruits have been eaten by me since morning.
– It has
been done by her.
–
Cookies have been made by them to me.
–
Fruits have been being eaten by me since morning.
– It has
been being done by her.
–
Cookies have been being made by them to me.
|
Past
tense
|
a.
Simple past tense
b.
Past continuous tense
c.
Past perfect tense
d.
Past perfect continuous tense
|
–
Fruits were eaten by me last morning.
– It was done by
her yesterday.
–
Cookies were made by them yesterday.
–
Fruits were being eaten by me.
– It was
being done by her.
–
Cookies were being made by them to me.
–
Fruits had been eaten by me since this morning.
– It had
been done by her.
–
Cookies had been made by them to me.
–
Fruits had been being eaten by me since morning.
– It had
been being done by her.
–
Cookies had been being made by them
to me.
|
Future
tense
|
a.
Simple future tense
b.
Future continuous tense
c.
Future perfect tense
d.
future perfect continuous tense
|
–
Fruits will be eaten by me tomorrow morning.
– It will
be done by her.
–
Cookies will be made by them to me.
–
Fruits will be being eaten by me tomorrow.
– It will
be being done by her.
–
Cookies will be being made by them to me.
–
Fruits will have been eaten by me since morning.
– It will
have been done by her.
–
Cookies will have been made by them to me.
–
Fruits will have been being eaten by me since
morning.
– It will
have been being done by her.
–
Cookies will have been being made by
them to me.
|
Dengan keteranagan diatas, adanya beberapa perbedaan menggunakan kata kerja (verb) dan verb be.
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